During the casting of metals in the foundry shop we use sand for the preparation of mould. It is the moulding sand properties which improves the quality of the casting metal. If sand of suitable property is chosen, then it greatly minimises the casting defects that may be produced during the mould preparation and casting. […]
What is Casting Defects? It is an unwanted irregularities that appear in the casting during metal casting process. There is various reason or sources which is responsible for the defects in the cast metal. Here in this section we will discuss all the major types of casting defects. Some of the defects produced may be
What is Casting Defects – Types, Causes and Remedies? Read More »
What is Boyle’s Law? This law was established by Robert Boyle in 1662. At constant temperature, the absolute pressure of a given mass of a perfect gas is inversely proportional to its volume. Have you understand something from this? If not than let’s we understand what this statement implies. It means that if we have
Boyle’s Law – Statement, Formula Example and Graph Read More »
Brakes are very crucial for stopping a vehicle. Without brakes, it is impossible to drive a car or any vehicle. Brakes are of different types and according to the requirement, the types of brakes are chosen for the application. Here we will discuss Disc brake – its main components, working, advantages, and disadvantages with the
If someone ask you a question that can you drive your vehicle without brakes? Then what will be your answer, obviously No. Driving a vehicle without brakes is impossible. Brakes are crucial for stopping a vehicle and driving safely on the road. The use of a proper braking system enhances the handling of the vehicle
What is a Perfect Gas? A perfect gas or an ideal gas is a state of a substance, whose evaporation from the liquid state is completed and which obeys all the gas laws strictly under all conditions of pressure and temperature. In reality there is no ideal or perfect gas which obeys all the law
Gas Laws – Boyle’s, Charles, Gay Lussac, Avogadro and Ideal Gas Law Read More »
Adiabatic process is a process in which there is no exchange of heat takes place from the working substance to the surrounding during its expansion or compression. This is possible when the working system is made thermally insulated, that is no heat can leave or enters it during the process. So we can say that
The diesel cycle was invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1893. He put forward an idea by which we can attain higher thermal efficiency, with a high compression ratio. All diesel engine works on this cycle. Diesel is used as fuel in this cycle as it can be compressed at a higher compression ratio. It is
The Otto Cycle is the ideal thermodynamic cycle used to describe how spark ignition (SI) engines, commonly known as petrol engines, operate. It was developed by Dr. Nikolaus August Otto, whose work led to the foundation of modern gasoline engines used in motorcycles, cars, and light vehicles. In simple terms, the Otto cycle explains how fuel energy is converted into mechanical
What is Otto Cycle? P-V and T-S Diagram (Easiest Explanation) Read More »
A Compression Ignition (CI) engine is an internal combustion engine in which the fuel ignites automatically due to the high temperature created by compressing air inside the cylinder. Unlike spark ignition engines that require a spark plug to ignite the fuel-air mixture, CI engines rely solely on high compression pressure and temperature to start combustion. These engines are commonly known
What is a Compression Ignition Engine? – Complete Guide Read More »
A spark ignition engine (SI engine) is a type of internal combustion engine where the air–fuel mixture is ignited by a spark produced by a spark plug. These engines typically use petrol (gasoline) as fuel and operate on the Otto cycle, which is widely used in light-duty vehicles and small machines. Spark ignition engines play a crucial role in modern transportation
Spark Ignition Engine (SI Engine): Definition, Parts, Working, and Applications Read More »
Portland Cement (PC) is a fine powder which is produced by heating limestone and clay minerals in a kiln and forms clinker. The clinker is grinded to fine powder with addition of small amount of other materials. It is the most commonly used types of cement in the world. It is used as basic ingredients
What is Portland Cement and How it is Manufactured? Read More »
Before starting to learn different types of cement, lets us see what is cement and where it is used? Cement is a fine powder which is used to join materials together. When it is mixed with water, forms a paste and act as very hard strong binding medium for the aggregate particles. It is used
A positive displacement pump (PDP) is a type of pump that moves fluid by trapping a fixed volume and forcing (displacing) it into the discharge pipe. Unlike centrifugal pumps, it delivers a constant flow rate regardless of pressure variations, making it highly reliable for precise fluid handling. These pumps are widely used in industries such as oil
Positive Displacement Pump: Types, Working, Advantages & Applications Explained Read More »
Have you ever imagined that gear ratio can be possible without gears? Interestingly right, what if the system creates countless gear ratios? To create an infinite gear ratio is extraordinary thinking but is it possible? Yes, everything is possible when it is a matter of automobiles. The manual gearbox or traditional transmission system has a
What is CVT – Continuously Variable Transmission and How it Works? Read More »
DTSi (Digital Twin Spark Ignition) is an advanced ignition technology developed to improve the combustion efficiency of internal combustion engines. In conventional engines, a single spark plug initiates combustion, which may lead to uneven flame propagation and incomplete fuel burning. DTSi technology addresses this limitation by using two spark plugs in a single cylinder, ensuring
DTSi Engine (Digital Twin Spark Ignition): Working, Advantages, Applications Read More »
Pumps are one of the most essential mechanical devices used across industries and daily life. Simply put, a pump moves fluids (liquids or gases) from one place to another by converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Whether it’s lifting water from a well, circulating coolant in engines, or delivering fuel in automobiles, pumps play a
Pump: Definition, Types, Working Principles, and Applications Read More »
Superchargers are forced induction devices used to increase the power output of internal combustion engines by compressing incoming air before it enters the combustion chamber. By supplying more oxygen, they allow more fuel to burn, resulting in higher performance. Among the most widely used types are Roots, Twin Screw, and Centrifugal superchargers. Each operates differently
Roots vs Twin Screw vs Centrifugal Supercharger: Complete Comparison Guide Read More »
A centrifugal supercharger is a high-performance air compression device used in internal combustion engines to significantly increase power output. It works by forcing more air into the engine, allowing more fuel to burn efficiently and generate higher horsepower. This technology is widely used in automotive performance upgrades, racing vehicles, aircraft engines, and marine systems. Unlike
Centrifugal Supercharger: Working, Parts, Advantages & Applications (Complete Guide) Read More »
A twin screw supercharger is a high-performance forced induction device used in internal combustion engines to increase power output by compressing air before it enters the engine cylinder. Unlike conventional air intake systems, it delivers a continuous and controlled supply of compressed air, improving combustion efficiency. This type of supercharger is widely used in performance
Twin Screw Supercharger: Working, Parts, Advantages & Applications (Complete Guide) Read More »
A reciprocating pump is a type of positive displacement pump widely used where high pressure and precise fluid delivery are required. Unlike centrifugal pumps, it works by moving fluid using a back-and-forth (reciprocating) motion of a piston or plunger inside a cylinder. This mechanism makes it highly efficient for handling low flow rates at high
Roots supercharger is the oldest among the other superchargers, roots name comes after the Roots-type blower the American inventors and brothers Philander and Francis Marion Roots, founders of the Roots Blower Company of Connersville, Indiana USA, who actually patented the basic design and idea for this. All the superchargers mean to produce more power in
How Roots Supercharger Works – Easily Explained? Read More »
The rise and fall of a liquid surface in a small thin tube, when it is immersed vertically in a liquid is called capillarity (capillary action). The rise of the liquid surface in the tube is called as capillary rise and the fall of the liquid surface is called as capillary depression. The capillary rise
What is a Supercharger? It is used to pressurize the air at intake or increase the air density supplied to an internal combustion engine, more air means more oxygen allowing it to burn more fuel and to get more power by increasing in air during the combustion inside an engine. Here we will learn about
For the air intake in the engine, there are two procedures, one is a natural aspiration and another is a forced aspiration. Naturally aspirated engines take the air from the outside environment through the intake manifold from the air filter. This kind of engine was used in earlier days but nowadays almost every engine is
What is Anti-lock Braking System? Anti-lock Braking System also known as anti-skid braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that prevents the locking of wheels during braking and avoids uncontrolled skidding. The modern ABS system allows steering during braking which gives more control over the vehicle in case of sudden braking. The main advantages
Surface tension is a fundamental property of liquids that explains why small insects can walk on water, why droplets form spherical shapes, and why liquids resist external force at their surface. In simple terms, surface tension is the tendency of a liquid surface to behave like a stretched elastic membrane. This phenomenon occurs due to
What is Surface Tension? Definition, Formula, Examples & Applications Read More »
Engineering mechanics is the branch of applied science which works with the laws and principle of mechanics. Whatever the body we seen around us experiences forces and due the forces experienced by the body they undergo motion. The study of object which is either in motion or at rest because of the forces acting on
Cavitation is a critical phenomenon in fluid mechanics that directly impacts the performance and lifespan of machines like pumps, turbines, and propellers. It occurs when the pressure of a liquid falls below its vapor pressure, causing the formation of vapor bubbles that later collapse violently. This seemingly small event can generate powerful shockwaves capable of
What is Cavitaion? How It Occurs, Effects, and Prevention Read More »
A centrifugal pump is one of the most widely used mechanical devices for transporting fluids in industries, homes, and infrastructure systems. It works by converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy using centrifugal force generated by a rotating impeller. These pumps are essential in applications such as water supply systems, irrigation, chemical processing, and power plants.
Centrifugal Pump – Working Principle, Main Parts, and Applications Read More »
