An ignition Distributor is a mechanical device which is used to transfer the high-voltage current produced by the secondary coil to the correct spark plugs in the correct firing order and in the correct amount of time.
It has a mechanically-timed ignition. It was the year 1910 in which the first reliable battery-operated ignition system was developed by Delco (Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co.). This ignition was developed by Charles Kettering.
It is a cover which protects the internal parts of the distributor. It has one post for each cylinder and in contact points types ignition system it also has one central post which is connected to the ignition coil to receive the current from it.
Some engines have two spark plugs per cylinder; in that case, the distributor has two leads per cylinder. In the wasted spark system, a single contact is used for two leads, but each lead connects one cylinder.
In General motors where the high energy ignition (HEI) system used, there is no central post in the distributor cap. The ignition coil is placed on the top of the distributor. Inside the distributor cap, the plug terminals are arranged around the circumference of the cap on the basis of the firing order so that the secondary voltage-current must be sent to the correct spark plug at right time. The rotor rotates inside the distributor cap.
The rotor is present at the top of the distributor shaft. It is driven by the camshaft of the engine and hence synchronized to it. The rotor is pressed against a carbon bush on the central terminal of the distributor cap. The central terminal of the distributor is connected to the ignition coil.
The rotor is made in such a way that its central tab is electrically connected to its outer edge so the current that is coming into the central terminal travels through the carbon bush point to the outer edge of the rotor.
As the camshaft rotates, it rotates the distributor shaft. Due to this the rotor attached to the distributor shaft also starts rotating. When the outer edge of the rotor passes to each internal plug terminal in the distributor cap, it fires each spark plug in the correct sequence.
3. Contact Breaker
It is a mechanically designed breaker point. Its one end is fixed and the other end is movable. It is attached to the breaker assembly. Its main function is to make and break the primary circuit current.
When the lobes of the cam pushes the cam follower of the contact breaker, the points of the breaker which were touching each other move apart and break the primary current to flow through the primary winding of the ignition coil.
4. Distributor Shaft
It is a shaft that lies in the middle of the ignition distributor. It is connected directly to the camshaft of the engine through a gear drive. It consists of a cam which is used to break the point of the contact breaker.
5. Cam
It is attached to the distributor shaft and rotates with it. It has lobes which are used to open the contact breaker point. The number of lobes is equal to the number of engine cylinder. As the cam rotates, it pushes the cam follower and the breaker points move apart leading to the breaking of the current.
6. Capacitor
It is used to prevent the overheating of the contact point of the contact breaker. It helps in production of high voltage current by reverse the current flow through the primary coil.
7. Spark Advance Mechanism:
It is a mechanism which is used to advance the spark in the spark ignition engine. We have generally two types spark advance mechanism and i.e. centrifugal advance spark and vacuum spark advance mechanism.
Its main function is to ignite the fuel before the piston reaches the TDC. This allows the complete burning of the air-fuel mixture with in the cylinder and results in the maximum pressure on the piston.
Working of Ignition Distributor
As the ignition distributor shaft rotates, it rotates the cam and rotor.
When the cam pushes the cam follower of the contact breaker, the contact points of the contact breaker opens and collapses the primary current through the primary winding.
This produces a high voltage current in the secondary winding. The high voltage current produced is transfer to the distributor’s central terminal.
The current from the central terminal reaches to the outer edges of the rotor through the carbon bush. As the rotor comes in front of the internal terminal of the spark plug in the distributor cap, the high voltage electrical pulses (or surge) pass to the spark plug and it produces a spark within the cylinder head.
The distributor produces a spark in each of the spark plug in correct sequence and in the correct amount of time.
In this way, the ignition distributor works.
For a better explanation Watch the video given below:
